Regulation A+ Offering: Hype or Reality?

The alternative finance space has been buzzing about Regulation A+, a provision that allows companies to raise capital from the masses. Proponents argue it's a revolutionary tool for small businesses and startups, while skeptics warn of potential pitfalls. So, is Regulation A+ truly the miracle solution it's often described to be, or just another short-lived fad?

  • Dissecting the realities of Regulation A+ offerings requires a balanced approach.
  • Investors must thoroughly evaluate the potential of any investment opportunity, regardless of the mechanism.
  • Disclosure from companies seeking capital is paramount to making educated decisions.

The future of Regulation A+ remains up in the air, but its impact on the investment ecosystem is undeniable. As with any novelty, time will ultimately tell if it lives up to the expectations.

Regulation A+ | MOFO

Morrison & Foerster (MOFO) provides comprehensive counsel in navigating the complexities of Regulation A+, a federal securities regulation. Our team of seasoned attorneys collaborates closely with companies to design compliant offerings and support them through the entire process. From initial assessment to regulatory filings and marketing, MOFO delivers tailored solutions designed to meet each client's needs.

  • Utilizing its deep understanding of securities law and regulatory structure
  • Our team
  • Assists companies in submitting Regulation A+ offerings

Explain Title IV Regulation A+ for you | Manhattan Street Capital

Title IV Regulation A+, also known as Reg A+, is a funding mechanism that allows companies to raise funds from the public. It provides a route for startup organizations to access private capital, without having to go through a traditional stock market listing. Manhattan Street Capital is a platform that specializes in facilitating Reg A+ transactions for businesses.

Under Regulation A+, companies can raise up to a maximum of \$75 million in a annual period. There are certain regulations that entities must meet with, such as transparency. Manhattan Street Capital can provide assistance to companies throughout the Reg A+ process, helping them to master the requirements.

Optimize Your Fundraising Efforts with the New Reg A+ Solution

Are you exploring innovative ways to raise capital for your business? Look no further than the groundbreaking new Reg A+ solution, designed to empower companies like yours to their financial targets.

Harnessing the power of the mainstream markets, this comprehensive solution delivers a accessible path to investment. With its versatile structure and simplified process, the Reg A+ solution is suited to fulfill the specific needs of companies of all dimensions.

  • Benefit 1: This could be a benefit like increased capital access
  • Benefit 2: This could be another benefit like brand awareness growth
  • Benefit 3: This could be a final benefit like enhanced credibility

Discover the transformative potential of the new Reg A+ solution and take your fundraising more info journey to the next stage.

So what Is A Reg - We Have All Of Them

We're talking about the realm of regulations. You see, a regulation is basically a set of instructions that dictate how things should be done. Think it like this: a recipe for life in different fields.

  • Situations of regs are everywhere!
  • From your daily coffee to the latest tech gadget, there's a reg watching over it.

They are all about order, you know? And don't worry, we've got a handle on about them. Get ready because this is a wild ride of regulations!

Embracing Funding Through Regulation A+ for Startups

Regulation A+, a relatively recent fundraising mechanism, presents a distinct opportunity for startups to raise funding. By offering securities to the public, businesses can tap into a wider pool of investors and fuel growth.

However, it's crucial for startups to fully understand the regulations surrounding Regulation A+ before embarking on this journey.

Some key considerations include:

* Compliance: Startups must follow all federal securities laws and regulations, including registering detailed disclosures with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

* Careful Assessment: Conducting comprehensive due diligence is critical to minimize risks and guarantee the accuracy of financial data.

* Understanding Your Audience: Startups should analyze their target market to determine if Regulation A+ is the right method for their requirements.

By consistently addressing these aspects, startups can successfully leverage Regulation A+ as a powerful tool to realize their development goals.

The Mechanics of Regulation A+ in Equity Crowdfunding

Regulation A+, a specialized framework within the Securities Act of 1933, offers companies an alternative path to raise capital through equity crowdfunding. This set of rules allows businesses to offer and sell securities to the public without undergoing a traditional initial public offering (IPO). By leveraging Regulation A+, companies can attract investments from a broader pool of individuals, often through online platforms dedicated to equity crowdfunding.

  • Put simply, Regulation A+ establishes limits on the amount of capital a company can raise during an offering and outlines specific disclosure requirements. These requirements ensure that investors have access to comprehensive information about the business and its financial performance.
  • One key perk of Regulation A+ is its ability to democratize investment opportunities for everyday individuals, often referred to as "angel investors" or "retail investors." This allows a wider range of people to participate in the growth of promising businesses.
  • Furthermore, Regulation A+ can provide companies with significant flexibility compared to traditional IPO processes. The streamlined registration process and reduced regulatory burden make it a more streamlined option for certain startups and growth-stage companies.

Nevertheless, it's important to note that Regulation A+ still requires companies to comply with extensive reporting and disclosure obligations. Investors should conduct their own due diligence and carefully review all available information before making investment decisions.

Regulation Plus FundAthena

FundAthena leverages the robustness of Regulation A+ to offer unique investment opportunities . The structure allows for increased access to capital for growth companies , enabling them to scale . FundAthena's experienced team diligently vets project proposals, ensuring transparency throughout the cycle. Through its comprehensive approach, FundAthena strives to connect the gap between capital providers and impactful ventures.

Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations Securities Laws for SPACs

The burgeoning realm of blank-check companies has ignited both interest and concern within the financial market. Regulators, acutely aware of the risk for abuse, are rapidly crafting a regulatory structure to govern these unique investment vehicles. {Specifically|, the focus is on safeguarding investors from dishonest practices and guaranteeing market transparency. This complex task requires a balancing act between fostering innovation in the financial sector and reducing unforeseen consequences.

We Located A Reg

The team was pumped/ecstatic/overjoyed to finally get their hands on/locate/discover the elusive Reg. Months of searching had led them through/taken them across/sent them over countless landscapes/territories/areas, but now it was right there before them/within their grasp/finally in sight. The Reg, a legendary artifact/machine/device, was said to hold the key/possessed incredible power/had been rumored to unlock secrets that could change the world/rewrite history/alter the course of civilization.

  • Initial plans/The immediate goal/Their first order of business was to secure/protect/guard the Reg from falling into the wrong hands/hands of adversaries/enemy's possession.
  • Next steps/What came next/Following this discovery would be a delicate operation/process/task requiring expert knowledge/specialized skills/deep understanding to tap into/harness/utilize the Reg's full potential.

Accessing Funding Through Title IV Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding

Dive deep into the world of Regulation A+, a powerful tool for businesses seeking to raise capital. Our latest infographic breaks down everything you need to know about Title IV Reg A+, including its perks, steps, and how it can help your business succeed.

  • Explore the investment landscape through a visual guide.
  • Understand about the key characteristics of Title IV Reg A+.
  • Discover real-world examples of businesses that have utilized Reg A+ to achieve their goals.

Don't miss out on this valuable resource. Share it with your network and stay ahead of the curve in the ever-evolving world of funding.

Regulation A+ Investments - Securex Filings LLC

Securex Filings LLC assists meticulous guidance for businesses seeking to raise capital through a Regulation A+ offering. Our dedicated team of experts supports partners through the full process, beginning to filing with the SEC and closing.

Securex Filings concentrate in the full spectrum of Regulation A+ submissions, including regulatory analysis, preparing prospectuses, and engagement with the SEC. We is committed to helping entities efficiently complete the Regulation A+ process to attain their capital raising goals.

Explore Crowdfund.co Effortlessly

Crowdfund.co is your go-to hub for all things crowdfunding. With a vast range of projects, you can discover compelling opportunities to invest in. The user-friendly interface makes it straightforward to search projects by industry. Whether you're passionate about social impact, Crowdfund.co has something for you.

  • Connect with visionaries
  • Make a difference
  • Get early access

The Fundrise Reg A Offering

Fundrise is a popular real estate crowdfunding platform that has announced a Reg A+ offering to raise capital for its projects. This offering allows individual investors the opportunity to invest in Fundrise's real estate platform. The funds raised will be used to develop existing properties, providing further growth and potential returns for members.

The Reg A+ offering is open to all types of investors than traditional private placements. This makes it a more inclusive way for people to invest in real estate, regardless of their net worth.

The Securities and Exchange Commission

The Securities and Exchange Commission is/serves as/acts as the primary regulatory/governing/oversight body in/for/of the United States securities/investment/financial markets. It/Its purpose is to/ Established in/Founded in, the SEC has a mission to/seeks to/aims to protect investors, maintain/ensure/promote fair and orderly markets/trading/transactions, and to facilitate/encourage/foster capital formation. This involves/It encompasses/The SEC's responsibilities include registering securities offerings, overseeing/regulating/monitoring broker-dealers and investment advisors/consultants/managers, and investigating/prosecuting/addressing potential violations of securities/financial/investment laws. The SEC also provides/issues/offers investor education/outreach/resources.

CrowdExpert Reg A+ Equity Crowdfunding Title IV

Raising capital through online investment portals like CrowdExpert is an increasingly popular option for businesses looking to tap into the vast pool of potential investors. Title IV Reg A+ offers|presents a unique opportunity for companies seeking capital to connect directly with a wider investor base.

Under this framework, companies can raise up to $75 million through the sale of equity securities. This compliance system simplifies the process of|expedites the fundraising journey by providing a clear set of rules.

As a result, Reg A+ offers significant advantages over traditional financing methods, including lower fees, increased transparency, and wider access to funding.

Trying the Waters

Before diving headfirst into any endeavor, it's wise to test the waters first. This entails a calculated approach, where you gently introduce your ideas or actions to see how they are received. It's a way to minimize risks and acquire valuable knowledge before making a full commitment.

Funding for Everyone

Crowdfunding has moved beyond its niche beginnings to become a powerful tool for individuals and communities worldwide. The ability to gather resources from a large pool of supporters has democratized access to financing. Projects ranging from small-scale creative endeavors to ambitious social ventures can now attract investment through the collective power of the crowd.

This accessibility has created a vibrant marketplace where innovation flourishes. As crowdfunding platforms continue to evolve, its impact on local communities is only expected to intensify.

Crowdfunding has become more than just a way to raise money; it's about creating a sense of collective action around ideas that resonate deeply.

LendingClub

StreetShares is an innovative online lender that focuses on small businesses. With a mission to increasing financial inclusion for capital, StreetShares connects entrepreneurs and lenders. Their technology-driven platform allows businesses to secure financing quickly and seamlessly.

  • StreetShares's lending practices are tailored to address the challenges faced by small business owners.
  • Moreover, they provide a range of financial products such as equipment financing.
  • The company is committed to empowering entrepreneurs within local communities.

Harnessing Regulation A+ for Successful Fundraising

Regulation A+, a provision of the Securities Act of 1933, offers a unique pathway for companies to raise capital from the public. This regulation allows companies to offer and sell securities to both accredited and non-accredited investors through a streamlined process, potentially opening doors to a wider pool of funding. By utilizing Regulation A+, businesses can gain significant investment while maintaining honesty. A well-executed Regulation A+ offering can provide the necessary capital to fuel growth, expand operations, and ultimately achieve triumph.

  • Key factors for achieving success in a Regulation A+ fundraising campaign include developing a robust business plan, establishing a strong team of advisors, and clearly communicating the company's mission to potential investors.
  • Utilizing the right marketing channels is also crucial for connecting with a diverse investor base. Companies can harness social media platforms, industry events, and online platforms to cultivate excitement and gain investment.

Be aware that a successful Regulation A+ fundraising campaign requires meticulous planning, diligent execution, and ongoing transparency with investors. By adhering to regulatory requirements and building strong investor relationships, companies can unlock the immense potential of this funding mechanism and pave the way for sustainable growth.

Equitinet Reg A+ Offerings Regulation A+

Regulation A+, also recognized as Reg A+, empowers privately held companies to raise capital from the public through a simplified and streamlined process. EquityNet, a prominent online platform facilitating private company funding, actively enables this by connecting companies with prospective investors interested in participating in Reg A+ offerings. These offerings allow companies to secure investments up to $75 million within a defined timeframe, providing an alternative to traditional fundraising methods. By leveraging EquityNet's robust network and efficient platform, companies can traverse the complexities of Reg A+ compliance while connecting with a broader pool of investors.

Supervision A+ Companies

The landscape for highly performing companies has become increasingly demanding. With the rise of regulatory frameworks, obtaining an "A+" designation signifies a commitment to best-in-class practices. These companies often implement cutting-edge processes to ensure transparency. This dedication to governance not only enhances their reputation but also cultivates trust with stakeholders.

  • {Furthermore|Moreover, A+ companies often engage in proactive risk management strategies to address potential issues.
  • Its commitment to sustainability is also a hallmark of this elite group.

Oversight A+ Summary

A positive system is essential for ensuring stability within any field. This summary provides a thorough analysis of the current landscape , highlighting its advantages and challenges . It also explores strategies for strengthening controls to promote a thriving economy .

  • Main points
  • Emerging issues
  • Impact on stakeholders

Governance + Real Estate

The sphere of real estate is a dynamic and complex one. It's constantly evolving in response to market dynamics. To ensure fairness, robust regulations are essential. These frameworks aim to safeguard both buyers and sellers, encouraging a thriving real estate market.

A primary emphasis of real estate regulation is to prevent misleading practices. Laws are in place to govern aspects like property deals, disclosure, and accreditation of real estate professionals.

These steps help to build a trustworthy real estate market where individuals can assuredly participate.

Compliance with real estate regulations is paramount. Failure to do so can result in strict penalties, including fines.

It's thus essential for all real estate players, from agents to developers and investors, to have a comprehensive understanding of the applicable legislation. This knowledge is critical to functioning business in the real estate field ethically and legally.

Maintaining informed about changes in real estate regulation is an ongoing process. Government bodies often modify existing rules or enact new ones to address to evolving market conditions.

Real estate practitioners must frequently enhance their knowledge base to guarantee compliance and guide the complex legal landscape.

Public Listing First JOBS Act Company Goes Public Via Reg A+ on OTCQX

It's an exciting moment for our company as we officially go public through a Regulation A+ offering on the OTCQX marketplace! As one of the first companies to utilize the JOBS Act, this represents a milestone in our journey.

We're incredibly appreciative for the support of our investors and team who have helped us get to this point. This public listing will enable us with the resources to expand our business and bring our vision to life.

We're confident about the future and look forward to experiencing this journey with all of you.

FundersClub Enables Reg A+ Raises on the Platform

FundersClub, a well-established network for seed-funded companies, is making available the ability for its users to conduct Reg A+ capital campaigns directly on the platform. This action expands FundersClub's capabilities, providing a new avenue for companies to access public capital through this popular fundraising mechanism. Reg A+ permits private companies to raise investment from the general public, offering a flexible alternative to traditional funding options. This advancement is foreseen to support a wider range of companies in their growth journeys.

Crowdfunding Regulations

Regulation A+ is a section of securities regulation in the United States that enables companies to raise capital from the public through crowdfunding. It provides a streamlined process for smaller businesses to obtain investment, offering them to raise up to $75 million in a 12-month period. Regulation A+ filings are made with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which reviews them to ensure compliance with federal securities laws. Once approved, companies can employ Regulation A+ crowdfunding platforms to connect with investors and raise funds.

  • Crowdfunding portals offer a variety of services to both companies and investors. They manage the procedure of raising capital, offering tools for marketing campaigns, investor communication, and financial transparency.
  • Investors who participate in Regulation A+ offerings can gain a share of ownership in a company while also contributing to its growth.

Regulation A Plus IPO Overview

A Regulation A+ IPO, also known as Reg A+ IPO, offers a fresh opportunity for companies to raise capital via the public. This type of IPO allows companies to offer their securities to retail investors , providing increased access to investment opportunities. A Reg A+ IPO overview provides essential insights about the offering, including the company's structure, financial projections, and risks . Investors can use this knowledge to make informed decisions before committing to the IPO.

Regulation A+ Offerings

Regulation A+, also known as Rule 257 of the Securities Act of 1933, provides a pathway for companies to raise capital from the public through the issuance of securities. This regulation establishes specific conditions that issuers must comply with in order to conduct an A+ offering. It offers a more streamlined process for capital formation compared to traditional initial public offerings (IPOs), making it an appealing alternative for emerging companies.

Key features of Regulation A+ include a progressive system, allowing for different offering amounts, and simplified reporting requirements. Companies must still register their offering documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and provide investors with comprehensive disclosures.

  • Businesses can raise capital from both accredited and non-accredited investors under Regulation A+.
  • The SEC reviews offering documents to ensure they are accurate with relevant regulations.
  • Individuals receive certain protections, such as the right to sue for fraud in the offering documents.

Requirements A+ Crowdfunding

Securities Offering regulations for Regulation A+ crowdfunding can be complex and require careful navigation. Businesses seeking to raise capital through this method must adhere to strict Provisions set forth by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These regulations cover various aspects, including the type of information that must be Presented to investors, the maximum amount of funds that can be raised, and the Qualification for both the company and its investors.

  • Understanding these regulations is crucial for companies Intending to successfully complete a Regulation A+ offering.
  • It is highly Suggested to consult with experienced legal and financial professionals who specialize in securities law and crowdfunding.

Guidance on SlideShare for securities offerings a Act of 1933 JOBS Act section 106 Reg A Tier 2 offering

The intersection of SlideShare, a popular platform for content sharing, and securities regulations presents unique challenges. Recent developments in the JOBS Act , specifically section subsection 106, have introduced a framework for companies to leverage platforms such as SlideShare for conducting Tier 2 Reg A offerings. However, navigating the requirements under the Securities Act while leveraging platforms including SlideShare requires careful consideration.

  • Entities exploring a SlideShare-based Tier 2 Regulation A+ Offering must ensure compliance the applicable regulations.
  • Disclosure requirements are crucial for investors to make informed decisions
  • Professional legal advice is highly recommended to navigate the regulatory landscape effectively.

{Companies should alsoconsider the potential impact oftheir content on SlideShare. Understanding and adhering to SlideShare's user agreements is {essential formaintaining a positive presencethrough the platform.The purpose, scope, and implementation of each regulation.

  • Additionally, understanding the interplay between these regulations is essential for achieving a well-regulated financial system.
  • Regulation A+ DPO

    A Regulation A DPO is a document that outlines the guidelines for processing data subject inquiries under Regulation A+. This vital document of a company's strategy helps ensure transparency when dealing with data subject concerns as outlined in Regulation A++. Therefore, the DPO promotes that businesses are effectively adhering with the provisions of Regulation A+.

    SEC Approves New “Reg A+” Rules for Fundraising

    In a landmark decision that promotes the funding landscape, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has recently approved new regulations under Regulation A+, commonly known as “Reg A+.” These enhanced rules are designed to streamline capital raising for emerging companies through crowdfunding.

    Under the new Reg A+ regime, companies will have greater flexibility in the quantity of capital they can raise from the public, while also enjoying less complex disclosure requirements. This move is predicted to empower entrepreneurs and small businesses by providing them with a more accessible pathway to secure funding.

    • Moreover, the SEC's decision reflects a growing recognition of the potential of crowdfunding in fueling economic growth.
    • Consequently, investors will now have increased access to invest in promising startups and contribute to their success.

    The new Reg A+ rules are ready for launch on [Date]. This development is poised to impact the fundraising landscape, creating a more vibrant ecosystem for capital formation.

    Regulation A+

    Regulation A+ and Regulation D are two distinct avenues for raising capital through securities offerings in the United States. They offer different benefits and are tailored to companies of varying scopes .

    Regulation A+ is designed to facilitate access to public funding for smaller businesses by allowing them to raise up to $50 million in a single offering through general solicitation and advertising. In contrast, Regulation D primarily serves as a framework for private placements of securities, enabling companies to raise capital from a limited number of accredited investors without the same level of public disclosure stipulations .

    Rule 506 of Regulation D offers two primary exemptions: Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c). Under Rule 506(b), companies can raise capital from an unlimited number of accredited investors, but are restricted to a maximum of 35 non-accredited investors. Rule 506(c) permits general solicitation and advertising, providing greater flexibility for companies in reaching potential investors. However, it mandates that all purchasers be qualified investors.

    Rule 506(d) is a clause within Regulation D that specifically addresses the offering of securities to "qualified purchasers." This exemption allows companies to raise capital from sophisticated institutional investors who meet certain financial criteria, providing an avenue for larger private placements.

    Ultimately, the choice between Regulation A+ and Regulation D depends on a company's specific needs and circumstances. Factors to consider include the desired amount of funding, the target investor base, and the level of public disclosure required.

    D-Series 7 Regulations Cheat Sheet

    Navigating the intricacies of Regulation D and its two primary exemptions, Rule 506(b) and Rule 506(c), can be a challenging task for those in the securities industry. This cheat sheet provides a concise summary to help you differentiate these crucial rules and understand their implications for fundraising activities.

    Rule 506(b) allows companies to raise funds from an unlimited number of accredited investors, alongside a maximum of thirty-five non-accredited individuals. This exemption demands verification of investor status and relies on private placement documents to provide essential information about the offering.

    Conversely, Rule 506(c) enables companies to raise capital from an unlimited number of accredited investors without any boundaries on non-accredited participants. However, it mandatesgeneral solicitation, along with strict due diligence requirements and a thorough verification process for all investors.

    • Rule 506(b) - Limited non-accredited investors
    • Rule 506(c) - Unlimited accredited investors

    Understanding the nuances of each rule is crucial for companies seeking to raise capital through private placements. Consulting with a qualified securities attorney can provide valuable guidance and ensure compliance with applicable regulations.

    Exploring DreamFunded Resources on Regulation A+

    Regulation A+, a funding mechanism within the U.S. securities laws, provides a unique pathway for companies to attract capital from the wider investor base. DreamFunded, a prominent platform specializing in Regulation A+ funding, offers a comprehensive set of resources to assist both businesses seeking funding and capitalists looking for high-growth investment possibilities.

    • Featuring these resources are in-depth tutorials on the structure of Regulation A+, workshops with industry specialists, and a curated list of companies currently utilizing this funding strategy. DreamFunded's commitment to transparency and knowledge empowers both sides of the investment arena, promoting a thriving ecosystem for Regulation A+ financing.

    The OTC Markets Tripoint FINRA Jumpstart Our Business Startups Jobs act Tycon

    The latest moves in the business world are generating possibilities for start-up businesses. One significant case is the combination of public exchanges with the regulatory framework. This dynamic structure can present a unique route for firms to accessinvestment and grow.

    Tycon, a prominent actor in the industry, is enthusiastically engaged in this shift. Their mission is to facilitate the barrier between entrepreneurs and funding sources. Through their platform, Tycon is empowering businesses to navigate the complexities of attaining investment.

    Obtaining SEC Approval: A Crucial Step for Crowdfunding Platforms

    Navigating the complex world of finance requires meticulous planning and adherence to regulations. When it comes to crowdfunding platforms like GoFundMe, Kickstarter, and Indiegogo, securing/acquiring/gaining SEC approval is a paramount priority. This process ensures/guarantees/verifies that {these platforms/their ventures adhere to federal securities/investment/financial laws.

    For equity investment ventures, complying with/meeting the requirements of/submitting to SEC qualification is essential/crucial/vital. This involves a rigorous examination that assesses/evaluates/analyzes the fundraising activities/investment proposals/business models to protect investors and maintain market integrity/ensure transparency and fairness/foster a secure financial environment.

    Understanding/Grasping/Comprehending the SEC's role in regulating/overseeing/governing crowdfunding platforms and equity investments is indispensable/vital/crucial for both entrepreneurs and potential investors. By understanding these regulations/familiarizing themselves with these guidelines/keeping abreast of these requirements, stakeholders can navigate the financial landscape successfully/make informed decisions/participate confidently in the capital markets.

    {

    EquityNet Funding Merrill Lynch Sec Reg A

    The landscape of capital raise is rapidly evolving, with innovative platforms like CrowdFund connecting angel investors with promising startups. Crowdfunding, a form of debt crowdfunding, allows individuals to invest in diverse sectors such as energy companies through online campaigns. Regulation D and the JOBS Act have paved the way for greater availability to early-stage investments, empowering both retail investors and seasoned private equity firms to participate in shaping the future of technology.

    SoMoLend and other finance platforms are disrupting traditional investment companies, offering streamlined solutions for funding. Bloomberg continue to provide insights into the evolving world of investing, highlighting the potential returns and risks associated with seed stage investments.

    • Grow Venture Community provide unique opportunities for individuals to invest in real estate, energy, or tech projects.
    • Early-stage capital raise often involve high risk but also the potential for significant rewards.
    • Offering equity are becoming increasingly sophisticated, leveraging technology and data analytics to connect investors with promising ventures.

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *